- 新增现代 C++ 教程的 Preface 章节,包括英文和中文版本 - 添加 C++ Primer 练习代码 - 新增 Learn C++ 教程的 C++ 开发简介章节 - 添加头文件解析文档 - 更新 mkdocs.yml,包含新教程的目录结构 - 修改项目设置,使用 Python 3.10环境
1719 lines
32 KiB
Markdown
1719 lines
32 KiB
Markdown
# C++的常用算法
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# 1. 概述
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① 算法主要是由头文件$<algorithm>$、$<functional>$、$<numeric>$组成。
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② $<algorithm>$是所有STL头文件中最大的一个,范围涉及到比较、交换、查找、遍历操作、复制、修改等等。
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③ $<numeric>$体积很小,只包含几个在序列上面进行简单数学运算的模板函数。
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④ $<functional>$定义了一些模板类,用以声明函数对象。
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## 1.1 常用遍历算法
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### 1.1.1 算法简介
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① for_each //遍历容器
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② transform //搬运容器到另一个容器中
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### 1.1.2 for_each遍历算法
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① for_each在实际开发中是最常用遍历算法,需要熟练掌握。
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```python
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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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#include<vector>
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#include<algorithm>
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//普通函数
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void print01(int val)
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{
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cout << val << " ";
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}
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//仿函数
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class print02
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{
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public:
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void operator()(int val)
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{
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cout << val << " ";
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}
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};
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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v.push_back(i);
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}
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for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print01); //利用普通函数实现遍历操作,放入函数名即可
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cout << endl;
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for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02()); //仿函数,放入匿名函数对象即可
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cout << endl;
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}
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int main()
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{
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test01();
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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运行结果:
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- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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- 请按任意键继续. . .
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### 1.1.3 transform遍历算法
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① 功能描述:搬运容器到另一个容器中。
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② 函数原型:transform(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, _func);
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1. beg1 源容器开始迭代器
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2. end1 源容器结束迭代器
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3. beg2 目标容器开始迭代器
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4. _func 函数或者函数对象
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③ 搬运的目标容器必须要提前开辟空间,否则无法正常搬运。
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```python
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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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#include<vector>
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#include<algorithm>
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//常用遍历算法 transform
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class Transform
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{
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public:
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int operator()(int v)
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{
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return v;
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}
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};
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class MyPrint
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{
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public:
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void operator()(int val)
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{
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cout << val+100 << " ";
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}
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};
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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v.push_back(i);
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}
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vector<int>vTarget; //目标容器
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vTarget.resize(v.size()); //目标容器,需要提前开辟空间
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transform(v.begin(), v.end(), vTarget.begin(), Transform());
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for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), MyPrint());
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cout << endl;
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}
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int main()
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{
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test01();
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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运行结果:
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- 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
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- 请按任意键继续. . .
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## 1.2 常用查找算法
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### 1.2.1 算法简介
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① find //查找元素
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② find_if //按条件查找元素
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③ adjacent_find //查找相邻重复元素
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④ binary_search //二分查找法
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⑤ cout //统计元素个数
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⑥ count_if //按条件统计元素个数
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### 1.2.2 find 查找算法
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① 功能描述:查找指定元素,找到返回指定元素的迭代器,找不到返回迭代器end()
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② 函数原型:find(operator beg,iterator end, value);
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1. 按值查找元素,找到返回指定位置迭代器,找不到返回结束位置迭代器位置。
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2. beg 开始迭代器
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3. end 结束迭代器
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4. value 查找的元素
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③ 利用find可以坐在容器这种找指定的元素,返回值是迭代器。
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```python
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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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#include<vector>
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#include<algorithm>
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#include<string>
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//查找 内置数据类型
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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v.push_back(i);
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}
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//查找 容器中 是否有 5 这个元素
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vector<int>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), 5);
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if (it == v.end())
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{
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cout << "没有找到!" << endl;
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "找到:" << *it << endl;
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}
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}
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class Person
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{
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public:
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Person(string name, int age)
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{
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this->m_Name = name;
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this->m_Age = age;
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}
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//重载 == 让find底层知道如何对比person数据类型
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bool operator==(const Person& p)
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{
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if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
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{
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return true;
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}
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else
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{
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return false;
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}
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}
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string m_Name;
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int m_Age;
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};
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//查找 自定义数据类型
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void test02()
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{
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vector<Person>v;
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//创建数据
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Person p1("aaa", 10);
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Person p2("bbb", 20);
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Person p3("ccc", 30);
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Person p4("ddd", 40);
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//放入到容器中
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v.push_back(p1);
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v.push_back(p2);
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v.push_back(p3);
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v.push_back(p4);
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Person pp("bbb",20);
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vector<Person>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), pp); //find找里面有没有pp这个对象
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if (it == v.end())
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{
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cout << "没有找到" << endl;
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "找到元素姓名:" << it->m_Name << " 年龄:" << it->m_Age <<endl;
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}
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}
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int main()
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{
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test01();
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test02();
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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运行结果:
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- 找到:5
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- 找到元素姓名:bbb 年龄:20
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- 请按任意键继续. . .
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### 1.2.3 find_if 查找算法
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① 功能描述:按条件查找
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② 函数原型:find_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred);
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1. 按值查找元素,找到返回指定位置迭代器,找不到返回结束迭代器位置。
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2. beg 开始迭代器
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3. end 结束迭代器
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4. _Pred 函数或者谓词 (返回bool类型的仿函数)
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```python
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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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#include<vector>
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#include<algorithm>
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#include<string>
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//1、查找 内置数据类型
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class GreaterFive
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{
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public:
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bool operator()(int val)
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{
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return val > 5; //当val大于5时,返回真
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}
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};
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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v.push_back(i);
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}
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vector<int>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), GreaterFive());
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if (it == v.end())
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{
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cout << "没有找到";
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "找到大于5的数字为:" << *it << endl;
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}
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}
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//查找 自定义数据类型
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class Person
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{
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public:
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Person(string name, int age)
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{
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this->m_Name = name;
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this->m_Age = age;
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}
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string m_Name;
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int m_Age;
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};
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class Greater20
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{
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public:
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bool operator()(Person& p)
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{
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return p.m_Age > 20;
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}
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};
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void test02()
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{
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vector<Person>v;
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//创建数据
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Person p1("aaa", 10);
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Person p2("bbb", 20);
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Person p3("ccc", 30);
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Person p4("ddd", 40);
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v.push_back(p1);
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v.push_back(p2);
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v.push_back(p3);
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v.push_back(p4);
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//找年龄大于20的人
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vector<Person>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), Greater20());
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if (it == v.end())
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{
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cout << "没有找到" << endl;
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "找到姓名:" << it->m_Name << " 年龄:" << it->m_Age << endl;
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}
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}
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int main() {
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test01();
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test02();
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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运行结果:
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- 找到大于5的数字为:6
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- 找到姓名:ccc 年龄:30
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- 请按任意键继续. . .
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### 1.2.4 adjacent_find 查找算法
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① 功能描述:查找相邻重复元素
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② 函数原型:adjacent_find(iterator beg, iterator end);
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1. 查找相邻重复元素,返回相邻元素的第一个位置的迭代器
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2. beg 开始迭代器
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3. end 结束迭代器
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③ 面试题中如果出现查找相邻重复元素,记得用STL中的adjacent_find算法
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```python
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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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#include<vector>
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#include<algorithm>
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#include<string>
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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v.push_back(0);
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v.push_back(2);
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v.push_back(0);
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v.push_back(3);
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v.push_back(1);
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v.push_back(4);
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v.push_back(3); //相邻,3重复,adjacent_find()返回的是这个,第一个元素的迭代器
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v.push_back(3);
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vector<int>::iterator pos = adjacent_find(v.begin(), v.end());
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if (pos == v.end())
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{
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cout << "没有找到相邻重复元素";
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "找到相邻重复元素:" << *pos << endl;
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}
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}
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int main()
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{
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test01();
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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运行结果:
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- 找到相邻重复元素:3
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- 请按任意键继续. . .
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### 1.2.5 binary_search 查找算法
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① 功能描述:查找指定元素是否存在。
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② 函数原型:bool binary_search(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
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1. 查找指定的元素,查到返回true,否则false
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2. 注意:在无序序列中不可用
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3. --beg 开始迭代器
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4. --end 结束迭代器
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5. --value 查找迭代器
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③ 二分法查找效率很高,值得注意的是查找的容器中元素必须是有序序列。
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```python
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#include<iostream>
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using namespace std;
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#include<vector>
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#include<algorithm>
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#include<string>
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//常用查找算法 binary_search
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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v.push_back(i);
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}
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//查找容器中是否有9元素
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//注意:容器必须是有序的序列,上面的vector是一个升序的序列,如果vector是一个无序的序列,那么有可能找到,有可能找不到
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bool ret = binary_search(v.begin(), v.end(),9);
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if (ret)
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{
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cout << "找到元素" << endl;
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "没有找到元素:" << endl;
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}
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vector<int>v2;
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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v2.push_back(i);
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}
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v2.push_back(2); //又插入了一个元素,vector变成无序序列了,那么结果就是未知的了
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bool ret2 = binary_search(v2.begin(), v2.end(), 9);
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if (ret2)
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{
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cout << "找到元素";
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "没有找到元素" << endl;
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}
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}
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int main() {
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test01();
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system("pause");
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return 0;
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}
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```
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运行结果:
|
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- 找到元素
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- 没有找到元素
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- 请按任意键继续. . .
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### 1.2.6 count 查找算法
|
||
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① 功能描述:统计元素个数。
|
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|
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② 函数原型:count(iterator big, iterator end, value);
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1. 统计元素出现次数
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2. beg 开始迭代器
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3. end 结束迭代器
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4. value 统计的元素
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|
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③ 统计自定义数据类型时候,需要配合重载operator==
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|
||
|
||
```python
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#include<iostream>
|
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using namespace std;
|
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#include<vector>
|
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#include<algorithm>
|
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#include<string>
|
||
|
||
//1、统计内置数据类型
|
||
|
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void test01()
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{
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vector<int>v;
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v.push_back(10);
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v.push_back(40);
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v.push_back(30);
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v.push_back(40);
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v.push_back(20);
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v.push_back(40);
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int num = count(v.begin(), v.end(), 40);
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cout << "40的元素个数为:" << num << endl;
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}
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//2、统计自定义数据类型
|
||
|
||
class Person
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
Person(string name, int age)
|
||
{
|
||
this->m_Name = name;
|
||
this->m_Age = age;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// 重载==
|
||
bool operator==(const Person& p)
|
||
{
|
||
if (this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
|
||
{
|
||
return true;
|
||
}
|
||
else
|
||
{
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
string m_Name;
|
||
int m_Age;
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test02()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<Person>v;
|
||
Person p1("刘备", 35);
|
||
Person p2("关羽", 35);
|
||
Person p3("张飞", 35);
|
||
Person p4("赵云", 30);
|
||
Person p5("曹操", 40);
|
||
|
||
//将人员插入到容器中
|
||
v.push_back(p1);
|
||
v.push_back(p2);
|
||
v.push_back(p3);
|
||
v.push_back(p4);
|
||
v.push_back(p5);
|
||
|
||
Person p("诸葛亮", 35);
|
||
|
||
int num = count(v.begin(), v.end(), p);
|
||
|
||
cout << "和诸葛亮同岁数的人有多少:" << num << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
test02();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 40的元素个数为:3
|
||
- 和诸葛亮同岁数的人有多少:3
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.2.7 count_if 查找算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:按条件统计元素个数。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:count_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred)
|
||
|
||
1. 按条件统计元素出现次数
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. _Pred 谓词
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
|
||
//1、统计内置数据类型
|
||
|
||
class Greater20
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
bool operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
return val > 20;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v;
|
||
v.push_back(10);
|
||
v.push_back(40);
|
||
v.push_back(30);
|
||
v.push_back(20);
|
||
v.push_back(40);
|
||
|
||
int num = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), Greater20());
|
||
|
||
cout << "在容器中大于20的元素个数为:" << num << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
//2、统计自定义数据类型
|
||
|
||
class Person
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
Person(string name, int age)
|
||
{
|
||
this->m_Name = name;
|
||
this->m_Age = age;
|
||
}
|
||
string m_Name;
|
||
int m_Age;
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
class AgeGreater20
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
bool operator()(const Person &p)
|
||
{
|
||
return p.m_Age > 20;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test02()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<Person>v;
|
||
Person p1("刘备", 35);
|
||
Person p2("关羽", 35);
|
||
Person p3("张飞", 35);
|
||
Person p4("赵云", 40);
|
||
Person p5("曹操", 20);
|
||
|
||
//将人员插入到容器中
|
||
v.push_back(p1);
|
||
v.push_back(p2);
|
||
v.push_back(p3);
|
||
v.push_back(p4);
|
||
v.push_back(p5);
|
||
|
||
//统计 大于20岁人员个数
|
||
|
||
int num = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), AgeGreater20());
|
||
|
||
cout << "大于20岁的人员个数为:" << num << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main() {
|
||
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
//test02();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 在容器中大于20的元素个数为:3
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
## 1.3 常用排序算法
|
||
|
||
### 1.3.1 算法简介
|
||
|
||
① sort //对容器内元素进行排序
|
||
|
||
② random_shuffle //洗牌 指定范围内的元素随机调整次序
|
||
|
||
③ merge //容器元素合并,并存储到另一容器中
|
||
|
||
④ reverse //反转指定范围的元素
|
||
|
||
### 1.3.2 sort排序算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:对容器内元素进行排序
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:sort(iterator beg, iterator end, _Pred);
|
||
|
||
1. 按值查找元素,找到返回指定位置迭代器,找不到返回结束位置迭代器位置
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. _Pred 谓词
|
||
|
||
③ sort属于开发中最常用的算法之一,需熟练掌握。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
|
||
//1、统计内置数据类型
|
||
|
||
//普通函数
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v;
|
||
v.push_back(10);
|
||
v.push_back(30);
|
||
v.push_back(50);
|
||
v.push_back(20);
|
||
v.push_back(40);
|
||
|
||
//利用sort升序
|
||
sort(v.begin(), v.end()); //默认是升序排列
|
||
for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
//改变为降序
|
||
sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<int>());
|
||
for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
//2、统计自定义数据类型
|
||
|
||
class Person
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
Person(string name, int age)
|
||
{
|
||
this->m_Name = name;
|
||
this->m_Age = age;
|
||
}
|
||
string m_Name;
|
||
int m_Age;
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
class AgeGreater20
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
bool operator()(const Person &p)
|
||
{
|
||
return p.m_Age > 20;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test02()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<Person>v;
|
||
Person p1("刘备", 35);
|
||
Person p2("关羽", 35);
|
||
Person p3("张飞", 35);
|
||
Person p4("赵云", 40);
|
||
Person p5("曹操", 20);
|
||
|
||
//将人员插入到容器中
|
||
v.push_back(p1);
|
||
v.push_back(p2);
|
||
v.push_back(p3);
|
||
v.push_back(p4);
|
||
v.push_back(p5);
|
||
|
||
//统计 大于20岁人员个数
|
||
|
||
int num = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), AgeGreater20());
|
||
|
||
cout << "大于20岁的人员个数为:" << num << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main() {
|
||
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
//test02();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 10 20 30 40 50
|
||
- 50 40 30 20 10
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.3.3 random_shuffle排序算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:洗牌算法指定范围内的元素随机调整次序。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:random_shuffle(iterator beg, iterator end);
|
||
|
||
1. 指定范围内的元素随机调整次序
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ random_shuffle洗牌算法比较实用,使用时记得加随机数种子。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
#include<ctime>
|
||
|
||
class myPrint
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
void operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
srand((unsigned int)time(NULL)); //生成一个随机数种子,利用时间生成,确保每次生成的随机数种子不同
|
||
|
||
vector<int>v;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v.push_back(i);
|
||
}
|
||
//利用洗牌 算法 打乱顺序
|
||
random_shuffle(v.begin(), v.end());
|
||
|
||
for_each(v.begin(), v.end(),myPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 1 5 7 9 4 2 6 8 3 0
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.3.4 merge排序算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:两个容器元素合并,并存储到另一容器中。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:merge(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
|
||
|
||
1. 容器元素合并,并存储到另一容器中
|
||
2. 注意:两个容器必须是有序的
|
||
3. beg1 容器1开始迭代器
|
||
4. end2 容器1结束迭代器
|
||
5. beg2 容器2开始迭代器
|
||
6. end2 容器2结束迭代器
|
||
7. dest 目标容器开始迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ merge合并后的容器也是有序的
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
#include<ctime>
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
vector<int>v2;
|
||
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i);
|
||
v2.push_back(i + 1);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
//目标容器
|
||
vector<int>vTarget;
|
||
vTarget.resize(v1.size() + v2.size()); //提前给目标容器分配空间
|
||
|
||
merge(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.3.5 reverse排序算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:将容器内元素进行反转
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:reverse(iterator beg, iterator end);
|
||
|
||
1. 反转指定范围的元素
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ reverse反转区间内的元素,面试题可能涉及到
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
#include<ctime>
|
||
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
v1.push_back(10);
|
||
v1.push_back(30);
|
||
v1.push_back(50);
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
v1.push_back(40);
|
||
|
||
cout << "反转前:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
cout << "反转后:" << endl;
|
||
reverse(v1.begin(), v1.end());
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 反转前:
|
||
- 10 30 50 20 40
|
||
- 反转后:
|
||
- 40 20 50 30 10
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
## 1.4 常用的拷贝和替换算法
|
||
|
||
### 1.4.1 算法简介
|
||
|
||
① 算法简介:
|
||
|
||
1. copy //容器内指定范围的元素拷贝到另一容器中
|
||
2. replace //将容器内指定范围的旧元素修改为新元素
|
||
3. replace_if //容器内指定范围满足条件的元素替换为新元素
|
||
4. swap //互换两个容器的元素
|
||
|
||
### 1.4.2 copy算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:容器内指定范围的元素拷贝到另一容器中。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:copy(iterator beg, iterator end, iterator dest);
|
||
|
||
1. 按值查找元素,找到返回指定位置迭代器,找不到返回结束迭代器位置
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. dest 目标起始迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ 利用copy算法在拷贝时,目标容器记得提前开辟空间。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i);
|
||
}
|
||
vector<int>v2;
|
||
v2.resize(v1.size());
|
||
copy(v1.begin(),v1.end(),v2.begin());
|
||
|
||
for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main() {
|
||
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.4.3 replace算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:将容器内指定范围的旧元素修改为新元素。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:repalece(iterator beg, iterator end, oldvalue, newvalue);
|
||
|
||
1. 将区间内旧元素替换成新元素
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. oldvalue 旧元素
|
||
5. newvalue 新元素
|
||
|
||
③ replace会替换区间内满足条件的元素。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
|
||
class MyPrint
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
void operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i);
|
||
}
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
v1.push_back(30);
|
||
v1.push_back(50);
|
||
v1.push_back(30);
|
||
v1.push_back(40);
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
v1.push_back(10);
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
|
||
cout << "替换前:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
//将容器里面所有的20替换成2000
|
||
replace(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 20, 20000);
|
||
cout << "替换后:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 替换前:
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 30 50 30 40 20 10 20
|
||
- 替换后:
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20000 30 50 30 40 20000 10 20000
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.4.4 replace_if算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:将区间内满足条件的元素,替换成指定元素。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:replace_if(iterator beg, iterator end, _pred, newvalue);
|
||
|
||
1. 按条件替换元素,满足条件的替换成指定元素
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. _pred 谓词
|
||
5. newvalue 替换的新元素
|
||
|
||
③ replace_if 按条件查找,可以利用仿函数灵活筛选满足的条件。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
|
||
class MyPrint
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
void operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
class Greater30
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
bool operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
return val >= 30;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
v1.push_back(30);
|
||
v1.push_back(50);
|
||
v1.push_back(30);
|
||
v1.push_back(40);
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
v1.push_back(10);
|
||
v1.push_back(20);
|
||
|
||
cout << "替换前:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
//将容器里面大于等于30的 替换成30000
|
||
replace_if(v1.begin(), v1.end(), Greater30(),30000);
|
||
cout << "替换后:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 替换前:
|
||
- 20 30 50 30 40 20 10 20
|
||
- 替换后:
|
||
- 20 30000 30000 30000 30000 20 10 20
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.4.5 swap算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:互换两个容器的元素。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:swap(container c1, container c2);
|
||
|
||
1. 互换两个容器的元素
|
||
2. c1容器1
|
||
3. c2容器2
|
||
|
||
③ swap交换容器时,注意交换的容器要同种类型。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
#include<string>
|
||
#include<functional>
|
||
|
||
class MyPrint
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
void operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
class Greater30
|
||
{
|
||
public:
|
||
bool operator()(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
return val >= 30;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
vector<int>v2;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i);
|
||
v2.push_back(i + 100);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
cout << "交换前:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
swap(v1,v2);
|
||
cout << "交换后:" << endl;
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), MyPrint());
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 交换前:
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
|
||
- 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
|
||
- 交换后:
|
||
- 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
## 1.5 常用的算术生成算法
|
||
|
||
### 1.5.1 算法简介
|
||
|
||
① 算术生成算法属于小型算法,使用时包含的头文件为 #include $<numeric>$
|
||
|
||
② 算法简介:
|
||
|
||
1. accumulate //计算容器元素累积总和
|
||
2. fill //向容器中添加元素
|
||
|
||
### 1.5.2 accumulate生成算法
|
||
|
||
① 计算区间内 容器元素累加总和。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:accumulate(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
|
||
|
||
1. 计算容器元素累加总和
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. value 起始值
|
||
|
||
③ accumulate使用时,头文件注意是numeric,这个算法很实用。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<numeric>
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int total1 = accumulate(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 0); //起始累加值为0
|
||
int total2 = accumulate(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 10000); //5050加上10000
|
||
cout << "total1 = " << total1 << endl;
|
||
cout << "total2 = " << total2 << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- total1 = 5050
|
||
- total2 = 15050
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.5.3 fill生成算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:向容器中填充指定的元素。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:fill(iterator beg, iterator end, value);
|
||
|
||
1. 向容器中填充元素
|
||
2. beg 开始迭代器
|
||
3. end 结束迭代器
|
||
4. value 填充的值
|
||
|
||
③ 利用fill可以将容器区间内元素填充为指定值。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<numeric>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
v1.resize(10);
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
//后期重新填充
|
||
fill(v1.begin(), v1.end(), 100);
|
||
for_each(v1.begin(), v1.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
||
- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
## 1.6 常用集合算法
|
||
|
||
### 1.6.1 算法简介
|
||
|
||
① set_itersection //求两个容器的交集
|
||
|
||
② set_union //求两个容器的并集
|
||
|
||
③ set_difference // 求两个容器的差集
|
||
|
||
### 1.6.2 set_intersection算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:求两个容器的交集。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:set_intersection(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
|
||
|
||
1. 求两个集合的交集
|
||
2. 注意:两个集合必须是有序序列
|
||
3. beg1 容器1 开始迭代器
|
||
4. end1 容器1 结束迭代器
|
||
5. beg2 容器2 开始迭代器
|
||
6. end2 容器2 结束迭代器
|
||
7. dest 目标容器开始迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ 求交集的两个集合必须都是有序序列。
|
||
|
||
④ 目标容器开辟空间需要从两个容器中取小值。
|
||
|
||
⑤ set_intersection返回值是交集中最后一个元素的位置。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<numeric>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
vector<int>v2;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i); //0~9
|
||
v2.push_back(i + 5); //5~14
|
||
}
|
||
vector<int>vTarget;
|
||
//目标容器需要提前开辟空间
|
||
//最特殊情况 大容器包含小容器 开辟空间 取小容器的size即可
|
||
vTarget.resize(min(v1.size(), v2.size()));
|
||
|
||
//获取交集
|
||
vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_intersection(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), myPrint); //取交集的元素少于开辟的容量,空的部分用0补充了
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, myPrint); //itEnd为取交集的最后一个元素的迭代器进行返回
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main() {
|
||
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0
|
||
- 5 6 7 8 9
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.6.3 set_union集合算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:求两个集合的并集。
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:set_union(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
|
||
|
||
1. 求两个集合的并集。
|
||
2. 注意:两个集合必须是有序序列。
|
||
3. beg1 容器1 开始迭代器
|
||
4. end1 容器1 结束迭代器
|
||
5. beg2 容器2 开始迭代器
|
||
6. end2 容器2 结束迭代器
|
||
7. dest 目标容器开始迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ 求并集的两个集合必须得是有序序列。
|
||
|
||
④ 目标容器开辟空间需要两个容器相加。
|
||
|
||
⑤ set_union返回值是并集中最后一个元素的为真。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<numeric>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
vector<int>v2;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i); //0~9
|
||
v2.push_back(i + 5); //5~14
|
||
}
|
||
vector<int>vTarget;
|
||
//目标容器需要提前开辟空间
|
||
//最特殊情况 两个容器没有交集,并集就是两个容器size相加
|
||
vTarget.resize(v1.size()+v2.size());
|
||
|
||
//获取交集
|
||
vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_union(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), myPrint); //用最特殊的情况开辟的内存,由于一共有20个数,开辟了20个内存,并集后多余的位置为0
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, myPrint); //itEnd为取并集后返回的最后一个元素的迭代器进行返回
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 0 0 0 0
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|
||
|
||
### 1.6.4 set_difference集合算法
|
||
|
||
① 功能描述:求两个集合的差集
|
||
|
||
② 函数原型:set_difference(iterator beg1, iterator end1, iterator beg2, iterator end2, iterator dest);
|
||
|
||
1. 求两个集合的差集
|
||
2. 注意:两个集合必须是有序序列
|
||
3. beg1 容器1 开始迭代器
|
||
4. end1 容器1 结束迭代器
|
||
5. beg2 容器2 开始迭代器
|
||
6. end2 容器2 结束迭代器
|
||
7. dest 目标容器开始迭代器
|
||
|
||
③ 当集合前后顺序不同时,集合的差集不一样,如下图所示,V1与V2的差集、V2与V1的差集,是不一样的。
|
||
|
||

|
||
|
||
④ 求差集的两个集合必须是有序序列。
|
||
|
||
⑤ 目标容器的开辟空间需要从两个容器取较大值。
|
||
|
||
⑥ set_difference返回值是差集中最后一个元素的位置。
|
||
|
||
|
||
```python
|
||
#include<iostream>
|
||
using namespace std;
|
||
#include<vector>
|
||
#include<numeric>
|
||
#include<algorithm>
|
||
|
||
void myPrint(int val)
|
||
{
|
||
cout << val << " ";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
void test01()
|
||
{
|
||
vector<int>v1;
|
||
vector<int>v2;
|
||
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
|
||
{
|
||
v1.push_back(i); //0~9
|
||
v2.push_back(i + 5); //5~14
|
||
}
|
||
vector<int>vTarget;
|
||
//目标容器需要提前开辟空间
|
||
//最特殊情况 两个容器没有交集,取两个容器中大的size作为目标容器开辟空间
|
||
vTarget.resize(max(v1.size(),v2.size()));
|
||
|
||
cout << "v1和v2的差集为:" << endl;
|
||
vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_difference(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
|
||
cout << "v2和v1的差集为:" << endl;
|
||
itEnd = set_difference(v2.begin(), v2.end(), v1.begin(), v1.end(), vTarget.begin());
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), vTarget.end(), myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, myPrint);
|
||
cout << endl;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
int main()
|
||
{
|
||
test01();
|
||
|
||
system("pause");
|
||
|
||
return 0;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
运行结果:
|
||
- v1和v2的差集为:
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0
|
||
- 0 1 2 3 4
|
||
- v2和v1的差集为:
|
||
- 10 11 12 13 14 0 0 0 0 0
|
||
- 10 11 12 13 14
|
||
- 请按任意键继续. . .
|